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Table 2 Psychometric properties of the neck disability index

From: Patient-reported outcome measures for non-specific neck pain validated in the Italian-language: a systematic review

Authors, year (language) Population Sample size Dimensionality Internal consistency Reliability Validity Responsiveness
Distribution-based methods Anchor-based methods
Hains et al, 1998 (English) [53] NP 237 1 factor α = .92 – rp = .65 VAS-P – –
Stratford et al, 1999
(English) [54] 		NP 50 1 factor α = .87 ICC = .94 (1-sided lower 95 % CI .87) r = .70 prognostic ratings of change MDC = 4.7 points SEM = 2 points MCID = 5 points
AUC = .90 (Spec .80; Sens .78)
Chok & Gomez, 2000 (Malaysian) [26] NP 22 – – k = .90 – – –
Ackelman & Lindgren, 2002 (Swedish) [27] Chronic NP >3 months 39 – – rs = .94–.99 rs = .95 DRI
rs = -.88 SF-36 PF subscale
rs = .86 VAS-A
rs = .60 VAS-P 		– –
Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2002 (French) [28] Neck disorders >15 days 101 2 factors: Function and disability; Neck pain – ICC = .93 rs = .88 NPQ
rs = .79 NPDS
rs = .54 HADS-D
rs = .50 VAS-D
rs = .48 VAS-P
rs = .43 HADS-A
rs = -.41 ROM (Flex-Ext) 		– –
Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2004 (French) [75] Neck disorders >15 days 71 – – – – ES = .55
SRM = .55 		–
Lee et al, 2006 (Korean) [29] NP 180 – α = .92 ICC2,1 = .90 (95 % CI .81–.94) – ES = 1.04 (84 % CI .94–1.13)
SRM = 1.17 (84 % CI 1.06–1.28) 		AUC = .79 (95 % CI .72–.86)
Vos et al, 2006 (Dutch) [30] First time or recurrent NP 79 – – ICC = .90 (95 % CI .82–.95)
LoA = -7.40 - + 7.92 		– MDC = 1.66 points SEM = 0.60 points
Guyatt = 1.82 		 
Gay et al, 2007
(English) [59] 		NP >3 months 23 – α = .72–.77 – rs = .77–.80 NBQ
rs = .44–.45 VAS-P 		ES = 1.12
SRM = 1.21 		–
Kose et al, 2007 (Turkish) [31] NP >6 weeks 102 – α = .90 ICC = .86 r = .71 VAS-D
r = .65 VAS-P
r = .58 Pain with palpation
r = .50 Pain with motion
r = -.41 ROM (Flex-Ext)
r = -.41 ROM (Rot) 		SRM = .85–.86 –
Mousavi et al, 2007 (Iranian) [32] NP 185 – α = .88 ICC = .97 rp = .86 NPDS
rp = .71 VAS-P
rp = -.70–-.36 SF-36 subscales 		– –
Pool et al, 2007 (Dutch) [63] NP and/or stiffness >2 weeks 183 – – – – MDC = 10.5 points MCID = 3.5 points (Spec .70; Sens .90)
Cleland et al, 2008
(English) [60] 		NP 138 – – ICC2,1 = .50 (95 % CI .51–.87)
rp = .56 		– MDC = 19.6 points
SEM = 8.4 points 		MCID = 9.5 points (Spec .72; Sens .83)
AUC = .83 (95 % CI .75–.90)
Trouli et al, 2008 (Greek) [33] NP 65 1 factor α = .85 ICC = .93 (95 % CI.84–.97) – MDC = 1.78 points SEM = .64 points –
Chan et al, 2009 (English) [74] Chronic NP 20 – – – rp = .86 NPDS
rp = .62 PET 		– –
Telci et al, 2009 (Turkish) [36] Chronic NP 88 – – ICC = .98 (CI 95 % = .97–.99) rp = .62 VAS-P
rp = .73 NPDS 		– –
van der Velde et al, 2009 (English) [57] Mechanical NP 521 RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #3 lifting, and #5 headache – – NDI-8: rs = .42 Pain – –
Young et al, 2009 (English) [61] Mechanical NP 91 – – ICC2,1 = .64 (95 % CI.19–.84) – MDC = 10.2 points SEM = 4.3 points MCID = 7.5 points
AUC = .79 (95 % CI .68-.89)
Andrade Ortega et al, 2010 (Spanish) [34] NP 175 1 factor α = .89 ICC = .98 (95 % CI.98–.99) rp = .89 NPQ
rp = .65 VAS-P 		– –
Jorritsma et al, 2010 (Dutch)
[70] 		NP >3 months 32 – – ICC = .84 (95 % CI.69–.92
LoA = ±6.5 		– – –
Salo et al, 2010 (Finnish) [37] NP 101 1 factor α = .85 ICC = .94 (95 % CI.90–.96) rp = .53 VAS-P
rp = .43 DEPS 		– –
Wu et al, 2010 (Chinese) [38] NP >3 months 125 – α = .89 ICC = .95 rp = .81 NPDS
rp = -.76 to -.33 SF-36 subscales
rp = .75 VAS-P 		– –
Odole et al, 2011 (Nigerian) [35] Mechanical NP 32 – – r = .97 – – –
Pickering et al, 2011 (English) [55] Mechanical NP 88 1 factor: NP and dysfunction related to activities – – – – –
Shakil et al, 2011 (Hindi) [39] NP 148 – α = .99 ICC = .98 – – –
Uthaikhup et al, 2011 (Thai) [40] NP 181 1 factor α = .85 ICC = .85 rs = .64 VAS-P MDC = 16.1 points
SEM = 5.8 points 		–
Monticone et al, 2012 (Italian) [21] Chronic NSNP >12 weeks 101 2 factors: activity of daily living (F#1), pain and concentration (F#2) α = .84
F#1: α = .82
F#2: α = .72 		ICC = .85 (95 % CI.78–.89)
F#1: ICC = .81 (95 % CI .73–.87)
F#2: ICC = .83 (95 % CI .76–.88) 		rs = .69 NPDS
rs = .55 HADS-D
rs = .44 NRS
rs = .42 HADS-A 		MDC = 3 points
F#1: MDC = 1
F#2: MDC = 1 		–
Kesiktas et al, 2012 (Turkish) [41] NP 30/185 1 factor α = .88 ICC = .87–1.0 rs = .76 VAS-D
rs = .62 HADS-D
rs = .60 VAS-P
rs = .58 HADS-A 		– –
Jorritsma et al, 2012a (Dutch) [62] Chronic NP 125 – α = .83 – rp = .77 NPDS
rp = -.63–.34 SF-36 subscales
rp = .52 VAS-D
rp = .43 VAS-P 		– –
Jorritsma et al, 2012b (Dutch) [64] Chronic NP 125 – – – – MDC: 8.4 points
SEM: 3.0 points 		MCID: 3.5 points (Spec .66; Sens .74)
AUC = .75 (95 % CI .64–.87)
Nakamaru et al, 2012
(Japanese) [43] 		NP (acute, subacute and chronic) 110 2 factors: activities, symptoms α = .88 ICC = .91 (95 % CI.82–.85) rp = -.51–.25 SF-36 subscales MDC = 6.8 points SEM = 2.9 points –
Luksanapruksa et al, 2012 (Thai) [42] Outpatients with NP 46 1 factor (activities) α = .92 ICC = .99 rP = .89 VAS-P
rP = -.43 SF-36 		– –
Ailliet et al, 2013
(Dutch) [44] 		NP 338 RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing item #6 concentration – – rp = .75 DASH – –
Guzy et al, 2013 (Polish) [45] NSNP >7 weeks 95 2 factors α = .82
F#1: α = .77
F#2: α = .73 		ICC = .99 (95 % CI.98–.99)
LoA = ±2.48 		rp = .55 VAS-P MDC = 5.96 points SEM = 2.15 points
SRM = 1.61 		MCID = 6.5 points (Spec .81; Sens.90)
AUC = .91 (95 % CI .84–.97)
Johansen et al, 2013
(Norwegian) [46] 		NP 249 RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #1 pain, #5 headache, and #9 sleep – – rp = .59 HSCL
rp = .58 NRS
NDI-7: rp = .56 NRS
rp = .43 TSK
NDI-7: rp = .54 HSCL 		– –
Shaheen et al, 2013 (Arabic) [47] Neck complaints 65 2 factors: activity of daily living (F#1); pain and concentration (F#2) α = .89
F#1: α = .86
F#2: α = .77 		ICC2,1 = .96 (95 % CI .93–.97)
F#1: ICC2,1 = .86 (95 % CI .52–.79)
F#2: ICC2,1 = .77 (95 % CI .66–.85)
rp = .92 		– – –
Walton & MacDermid, 2013 (English) [58] Mechanical NP 316 RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #1 pain, #3 lifting, #4 reading, #5 headache, and #9 sleep – ICC2,1 = .92 (95 % CI 85–.96)
NDI-5: ICC2,1 = .94 (95 % CI.83–.86) 		rp = .71 NRS
rp = .64 PCS
rp = .53 TSK
NDI-5: rp = .71 PCS
NDI-5: rp = .67 NPRS
NDI-5: rp = .54 TSK 		MDC90 = 4.5 points
SEM = 1.95 points
ES = .71
NDI-5: MDC90 = 2.7 points
SEM = 1.15 points
ES = .85 		AUC = .76 (95 % CI .63–.89)
NDI-5: AUC = .72 (95 % CI .59–.86)
Cramer et al, 2014 (German) [48] Chronic NSNP >12 weeks 558 1 factor α = .81 ICC = .81 (95 % CI.78–.83) rs = -.45–-0.30 SF-36 subscales – –
Johansen et al, 2014 (Norwegian) [89] NP 255 – α = .83–.91 ICC = .84 (95 % CI.72–.91) – MDC = 6.15 points
SEM = 4.44 points 		MCID = 8.3 points
AUC = .70 (95 % CI .58–.82)
Swanenburg et al, 2014 (German) [52] Outpatients with NP 49 2 factors α = .96 ICC(2,1) = .92 (95 % CI.84–.96) rs = .55 VAS-P MDC = 6.16 points
SEM = 2.22 points 		–
Hung et al, 2015
(English) [56] 		Neck complaints 865 RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #2 personal care, and #5 headache – – – – –
Ailliet et al, 2015 (Dutch) [90] NP 337 – – ICC = .88
LoA = -5.02– + 5.60 		– MDC = 5.40 points SEM = 1.95 points MCID = 4.50 points AUC = .85
Cruz, 2015 (Portuguese) [49] Chronic NP (for at least 3 months) 113 1 factor α = .95 ICC = .91 (95 % CI.87–.94)
LoA = 1.59 ± 3.70 		rs = .49 NRS – –
Joseph et al, 2015 (Marathi) [50] NP > 3 months 81 – α = .97 ICC = .95 r = .95 VAS-P – –
Monticone et al, 2015 (Italian) [24] Outpatients with chronic NP 200 – – – – ES = .66
SRM = 1.09
GRI = .70 		MCID = 3.5 points
AUC = .96 (spec .81; sens .98)
Bakhtadze et al, 2015 (Russian) [51] Acute (≤12 weeks) or chronic (≥12 week) NP 80/109 2 factors α = .83
F#1: α = .82
F#2: α = .66 		ICC = .91 (95 % CI.86–.94) rs = .62 GRS-P MDC = 5.4 points  
Pereira et al, 2015 (Portuguese) [91] Chronic NP 108 – – – – MDC95 = 12 points
SEM = 4.27 points 		MCID = 5.5 points
AUC = .59 (spec .57; sens .61)
  1. α Cronbach’s alpha, AUC area under the curve, CI confidence interval, DASH disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire, DEPS depression scale, DRI disability rating index, ES effect size, Est extension, Flex flexion, GRI Guyatt’s responsiveness Index, GRS-P 11-point numerical graphic rating scale for pain, HADS-A hospital anxiety and depression scale of anxiety, HADS-D hospital anxiety and depression scale of depression, HSCL Hopkins symptom checklist–25, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, k Cohen's kappa, LoA limits of agreement, MCID minimal clinically important difference, MDC minimal detectable change, MDC 90 minimal detectable change at the 90 % confidence level, MDC 95 minimal detectable change at the 95 % confidence level, NBQ neck Bournemouth questionnaire, NDI neck disability index, NP neck pain, NPDS neck pain and disability scale, NPQ northwick park questionnaire, NRS numeric rating scale, PCS pain catastrophizing scale, PET problem elicitation technique, r correlation coefficient, r p Pearson correlation coefficient, r s Spearman correlation coefficient, RA Rasch analysis, ROM range of motion, Rot rotation, SEM standard error of measurement, Sens sensitivity, SF-36 PF subscale the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey physical functioning subscale, Spec specificity, SRM standardized response mean, TSK tampa scale for kinesiophobia, VAS-A visual analogue scale for activity, VAS-D visual analogue scale for disability, VAS-P visual analogue scale for pain
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